Abstract Background Premilking udder preparation is essential for harvesting high-quality milk as gently. completely. and quickly as possible. The associations between characteristics such as teat-end shape and premilking stimulation on milking characteristics and machine milking-induced changes to the teat tissue condition have not been rigorously investigated. https://safeersappliancers.shop/product-category/stoves-sterling-600df-mini-range-444440989-stainless-steel-60cm-wh/